A Comparison Of Camille Claudel - 1216 Words

Camille Claudel, a French sculptor and graphic artist, was the muse of the great French sculptor Auguste Rodin (Lotz). She created her works of art in a realistic direction. Her most poetic and notable work is the sculpture Waltz (1892-1905). Made of bronze, it depicts a man and a woman at the time of intimate close dance (Lotz). The second no less interesting and outstanding sculpture is marble Cupid and Psyche (1787 - 1793) Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor, representative of classicism. Despite the different eras, styles, and manner of performing sculptors, both of these works are one and the same beautiful and have much in common, expressing a single thought about the feeling of love. The very performance of these two beautiful†¦show more content†¦The goddess Venus, envying the beauty of Psyche, Amurs lover, sent her to the underworld for a vessel of beauty, forbidding her to look into it (â€Å"A closer Look at Psyche Revived by Cupids Kiss†). Psyche violated the prohibition of the goddess of love, opened the lid and was enveloped in a magical dream. She was brought back to life by the kiss of Cupid and this scene depicts great tender (Albrizzi, Cicognara Missirini). Canova showed Cupid at the moment when he, having descended from heaven, had just touched the ground (â€Å"A closer Look at Psyche Revived by Cupids Kiss†). His wings, as if supporting the god in the air, crown the composition. The wings seem to hold the god in the air, and Psyche, still half-asleep, is raised to meet his lover. In addition, both sculptures also differ in the very movement they express. Therefore, the sculpture of Claudel recreates a couple in romantic and passionate waltz movements. Their hands and faces touch in this moment, however their bends, drape of the skirt, the angle of the pair in the dance creates a feeling of action, a rush, the viewer feels this movement (Burgon 11). This is definitely a dynamic sculpture, which makes you feel the rapid d ance of the couple and the expression of their vivid feelings. Cupid and Psyche†, on the contrary, seems as if it is frozen in the moment of a kiss. There is no speed, action and dynamics. The

The Reforms of Michel Fokine Essays - 1373 Words

The Reforms of Michel Fokine nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Photography, painting, videography, and literature have all progressed over time. New technology, and new ways of thinking have brought these arts to new levels. There seems to be a broad misconception, though, that ballet is an art form that does not progress; does not change. Many people assume that ballet’s set vocabulary of movement places limitations on how far the art can expand. Little do many people realize that this vocabulary is a mere foundation for the myriad of interpretations that the art went and will continue to go in. Michel Fokine is one revolutionary ballet choreographers, whose reforms have taken this previously monotonous art to†¦show more content†¦This compliments her simple mind and flirtatious tendencies. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;He also made sure that the background was appropriate and related directly to the content of the scene. For example, the â€Å"sumptuous and colorful quarters of the Moor†, (Reynolds) parallels his personality perfectly. Fokine hired some of the most popular contemporary artists of his time to create these scenes, such as Picasso. In Petrouchka’s barren cell, the walls are painted black, which reflects the sorrow that he is going through, during this scene. Also, the street market scenes show a carousel, street vendors, and a large fair booth, which were all completely realistic and appropriate for the occasion. Many artists before and after Fokine did not put thoughts into these sorts of things, thinking that the ballet technique is the only important part of the production. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fokine was also a strong believer in the ballet being â€Å"a complete artistic creation and not a series of separate numbers (Fokine quoted in Cass). His belief in this explained his hatred towards the practice of frequent applause interrupting ballets. He thought that this took away the focus of the dancer, both literally, and figuratively. This belief is integrated into his pieces by the movement that he gives his characters. He would never give a character movement that does not express that character, such as, choreographing large leaps and many turns just to show

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors

It is a sad reality that most Jews researching their families will eventually discover relatives who were victims of the Holocaust. Whether youre searching for information about relatives who disappeared or were killed during the Holocaust, or want to learn whether any relatives survived the Holocaust and may have living descendants there are a number of resources available to you. Begin your venture into Holocaust research by interviewing your living family members. Try to learn the names, ages, birthplaces, and last known whereabouts of the people you would like to trace. The more information you have, the easier your search. Search the Yad Vashem Database The major archive center for the Holocaust is Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Israel. They are a good first step for anyone looking for information on the fate of a Holocaust victim. They maintain a Central Database of Shoah Victims Names and are also attempting to document every one of the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust. These Pages of Testimony document the name, place and circumstances of death, occupation, names of family members and other information. In addition, they include information on the informations submitter, including his/her name, address and relationship to the deceased. Over three million Jewish Holocaust victims have been documented to date. These Pages of Testimony are also available online as part of the Central Database of Shoah Victims Names. The International Tracing Service As millions of Holocaust refugees scattered throughout Europe following World War II, a common collection point was created for information about Holocaust victims and survivors. This information repository evolved into the International Tracing Service (ITS). To this day, information on Holocaust victims and survivors is still collected and disseminated by this organization, now a part of the Red Cross. They maintain an index of information relating to more than 14 people affected by the Holocaust. The best way to request information through this service is to contact the Red Cross in your country. In the United States, the Red Cross maintains the Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center as a service for U.S. residents. Yizkor Books Groups of Holocaust survivors and friends and relatives of Holocaust victims created Yiskor books, or Holocaust memorial books, to memorialize the community in which they once lived. These groups of individuals, known as landsmanshaftn, were generally comprised of former residents of a particular town. Yizkor books are written and compiled by these ordinary people to convey the culture and feeling of their life before the Holocaust, and to remember the families and individuals of their hometown. The usefulness of the content for family history research varies, but most Yizkor books contain information on the history of the town, along with names and family relationships. You may also find lists of Holocaust victims, personal narratives, photographs, maps and drawings. Almost all include a separate Yizkor section, with memorial notices remembering and commemorating individuals and families lost during the war. Most Yizkor books are written in Hebrew or Yiddish. Online resources for Yizkor books include: JewishGen Yizkor Book Project - A database of Yizkor books with information on the library that holds each book, a searchable necrology index, and translations submitted by volunteers. NY Public Library - Yizkor Books Online - includes full digital images of 650 of the 700 postwar yizkor books in the collection of The York Public Library. Connect with Living Survivors A variety of registries can be found online which help connect Holocaust survivors and the descendants of Holocaust survivors. JewishGen Holocaust Global Registry - This registry provides a central place for anyone searching Holocaust survivors, and includes the names of survivors and their family members from all over the globe. Dont miss the heartwarming success stories submitted by users of the registry! Registry of Holocaust Survivors - The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. maintains an updated, computerized Registry of survivors. Holocaust Testimonies The Holocaust is one of the most documented events in world history, and much can be learned from reading the stories of the survivors. A number of Web sites include stories, videos and other first-hand accounts of the Holocaust. Voices of the Holocaust -This documentary project by the Illinois Institute of Technology includes first-hand accounts of the Holocaust collected by Dr. David Boder in 1946. Testimonies of the Holocaust - The USC Shoah Foundation Institute interviewed and collected testimonies from nearly 52,000 Holocaust survivors and other witnesses. The Testimony Catalog is available online and on CD-ROM, although names are omitted from the online version for privacy reasons. The catalog includes basic biographical info only, including city and country of birth, religious identity and wartime experiences. The actual videos and other data are maintained in the archives.Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies - A collection of over 4,300 videotaped interviews with witnesses and survivors of the Holocaust. Part of Yale Universitys department of Manuscripts and Archives. The video interviews are not available online, but you can view several brief testimony excerpts. For further, more detailed information on researching the people of the Holocaust, I highly recommend the book How to Document Victims and Locate Survivors of the Holocaust by Gary Mokotoff. Many of the essential how to portions of the book have been placed online by the publisher, Avotaynu, and the full book can also be ordered through them.

Social Empathy Essay - 957 Words

Social media has changed the way people communicate with each other and in turn, has affected our ability to empathize in both negative and positive ways. One of the most harmful consequences is the rise of cyber-bullying. Another negative issue has been the trend of trolling in comments sections of websites, chat rooms, and other online venues of communication. In spite of this, there have been constructive consequences due to social media such as the ability for family and friends to keep in touch on a regular basis. Because of social media, many people are finding support and resources to help them when they fall on hard times or experience tragedies like death and illness. Overall, social media is an exciting new world that changes as†¦show more content†¦According to stopbullying.gov, â€Å"Cyberbullying messages and images can be posted anonymously and distributed quickly to a very wide audience. It can be difficult and sometimes impossible to trace the source.† Most social media sites require a user to create a profile in order to access them and to interact with other users, but it easy for the user to create a fake identity. For those who regularly use social sites such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and Instagram, it is common to see accounts that do not divulge the person behind it. In the case of cyberbully victim Megan Meier, she committed suicide at thirteen years-old when she continued to receive malicious messages from sixteen year-old Josh Evans. It was later discovered that â€Å"Josh Evans† was actually a friend, the mother of Megan’s friend, and a past teenage employee of the mother (Billitteri â€Å"Cyberbullying). According to Billitteri’s article â€Å"Cyberbullying†, child advocates see the growing incivility in aspects of culture from politics to reality television contributing to the idea that humiliating others for entertainment is acceptable. Where are many of these comments found? They a re prevalent on the commentary sections of news and social media websites where users do not have to reveal their actual identity. If users would take the time to empathize with strangers who may believe differently than them,Show MoreRelatedEmpathy and Social Change in To Kill a Mockingbird, Milk, and Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner1519 Words   |  7 PagesEmpathy and Social Change in To Kill a Mockingbird, Milk, and Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner Empathy: â€Å"The action of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another of either the past or present without having the feelings, thoughts, and experiences fully communicated in an objectively explicit manner† (according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary). When we think of socialRead MoreMy Understanding Of Empathy As A Social Worker s Client Share The Affective Part Of The Message908 Words   |  4 PagesShulman defined empathy as â€Å"helping the client share the affective part of the message; a social worker’s effort to feel, as best as possible, the emotions of the client† (2009, p.815). My understanding of empathy is the emotional ability to understand the client’s current situation, and the ability to understand what the client’s situation is without actually experiencing it. It is about having the ability to listen and hear what the client is saying. Being able to understand where the clientRead MoreEmpathy: Heredity and Environmental Effects on an Individual’s Life 1080 Words   |  5 PagesEmpathy: defining its existence Life is a constant journey and learning experience that ultimately shapes the person you become. Through this journey of life people develop certain traits that attribute to the relationships they develop and the barriers that come along with them. One trait that grows throughout the lifespan is empathy. Empathy is more pronounced in some individuals who engage in the activities such as listening or awareness that awaken this trait helping it develop further. Our relationshipsRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On The Adolescent Brain Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagespeople,† says Dr. Gary Small. The effects of technology on the adolescent brain include a decrease in empathy; Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. A study done by the Harvard College of Education states that 80% of the youth surveyed stated that personal achievement and happiness was more important to them than caring for others. In the new age of technology empathy has taken a back seat to self-centeredness. The same survey by Harvard College of Education found thatRead MoreExposure At Diversity And Time Spent Studying Diversity Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pages(INTRO) In my research I have come across three main points that do their part to answer the question. First main point that comes from this research is, exposure to diversity and time spent studying diversity helps develop empathy in the student. Second, a knowledge of diversity due to exposure to it in secondary schools allow students to develop meaningful relationships with people that are different than themselves as well as prevent anxiety for when they enter the world outside of their secondaryRead MoreThe Rich Experience Of Human Empathy1162 Words   |  5 PagesHuman empathy has homologous characteristics of both broadly and strictly congruent mirror neurons. Upon swift introspection, it is apparent that human empathy is not exclusively based in physical stimuli (i.e. strictly congruent), but i s also emotionally based and invokes higher levels of thinking. When we are empathetic towards an other we surely consider the context and frame of reference surrounding a situation (i.e. broadly congruent) and integrate that with our perceptions of an individualRead MoreThe Construct Of Empathy, By Great Thinkers From Various Disciplines1669 Words   |  7 Pages The construct of empathy attracts the interest of academics from various fields of study, particularly in subfields of psychology. Its function and associated processes in moral development have been discussed for centuries by great thinkers from various disciplines. Hoffman (1982) defines empathy as â€Å"an affective response more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own†. Nonetheless, the notion of empathy has always been a complex concept, and the lack of uniformity in the usage and understandingRead MoreThe Relationshipt between Music and Emotion1075 Words   |  4 Pagesare extremely complex. The rules applying to these interactions seem to be diverse and flexible, enabling adaptation to the external demands of our social environment and the rigid rules of our legal system. Genetic abnormalities, however, may cause maladaptive behavior that significantly impairs the ability of that individual to integrate into the social system. It is observed t hat the molecules released at nerve endings such as amino acids, neurotransmitters, and neuro-peptides which act at theirRead MoreThe Workplace Challenges And Organizational Behavior790 Words   |  4 Pagesto work with each other. So the handling of relationships and interacting with others becomes the key to the success of the organization. Managers need to have a combination of skills and abilities such as the strength of will, awareness of self, empathy for others and sensitivity toward others internally and externally. Before one can handle others emotions he/she must first learn to lead themselves. So the question become, how is this done? Coleman’s theory suggest that this can be done throughRead MoreEssay on The Death of Ivan Ilyich: Spiritual Awakening861 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst thoughts would turn to whist as well. Propriety, not morality, dictates his actions and he relishes power and glory. He is a consummately impervious individual, impervious to conscienc e, empathy, and understanding. This does not make him an evil man. More intriguingly, he is admired by all for his social propriety and personal charm. The first crack in Ilyichs aloof veneer comes from a bump on the hip he receives after slipping off a ladder. From here, he develops a mysterious degenerative

Calculation for Calorimetry Free Essays

CALCULATIONS Determining the amount Limiting Reagent used. nlimiting reagent = Molarity x Volume or Mass / Molar Mass Example: Limiting reagent is 5mL of 1. 0 M HCl nlimiting reagent = Molarity x Volume nlimiting reagent = (1. We will write a custom essay sample on Calculation for Calorimetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 [mol/L]) x 0. 005 [L]) = 0. 005 mol Determining the qrxn and qcal. qrxn + qcal = 0 -qrxn = qcal qrxn = ? Hrxn x nlimiting reagent qcal = Ccal ? T qrxn = – Ccal ? T + mcsolid ? T (note: only if there is a precipitate formed in the reaction) Examples: 1) Calibration of the calorimeter given that: ?Hrxn = -55. 8 kJ/mol and nLR = 0. 005 mol qrxn = ? Hrxn x nlimiting reagent qrxn = -55. 8 [kJ/mol] x 0. 005 [mol] = -279 J qcal = -(219 J) = 279 J (2) Determining the qrxn of a given chemical reaction: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) And given that: ? T = 3. 5 Â °C and Ccal=111. 6 J/Â °C qrxn = – Ccal ? T + mcsolid ? T qrxn = -( 111. 6 [kJ/Â °C] x 3. 5 [Â °C]) = -390. 6 J qcal = -(-390. 6 J) = 390. 6 Determining the Ccal. Ccal = qcal / ? T Example: Given qrxn = -279 J and ? T = 2. 5 Â °C Ccal = -qrxn / ? T Ccal = -(-279 J) / (2. 5 Â °C) = 111. 6 J/Â °C Determining the experimental ? Hrxn. ?Hrxn = qrxn / nLR Example: Given: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) With qrxn = -390. 6 J and nLR = 0. 005 mol ?Hrxn = qrxn / nLR ?Hrxn = -390. 6 J / 0. 005 mol = -78. 1 kJ/mol Determining the theoretical ? Hrxn. ?Hrxn = ? nproductHÂ °f product – ? nreactantHÂ °f reactant Example: Given that: NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) Substance? HÂ °f (kJ/mol) NH3 (aq)-80. 9 H+ (aq)0. 00 NH4+ (aq)-132. 51 ?Hrxn = ? nproductHÂ °f product – ? nreactantHÂ °f reactant ? Hrxn = { -132. 51 kJ/mol}-{ -80. 29 kJ/mol} = ?Hrxn = -52. 2 kJ/mol Determining the %error. %error = (|? Hexperimental – ? Htheoretical|) / (? Htheoretical) x 100% Example: Given: ? Hexperimental = -78. 1 kJ/mol and ? Htheoretical = -52. 2 kJ/mol %error = |(? Hexperimental – ? Htheoretical) / (? Htheoretical) | x 100% %error = |(-78. 1 kJ/mol) – (-52. 2 kJ/mol) / -52. 2 kJ/mol| x 100% = 49. 6 % How to cite Calculation for Calorimetry, Essay examples

Industrial Devices Enterprise Applications -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Industrial Devices Enterprise Applications? Answer: Introducation Service Oriented Architecture is a concept which involves coupling of services to form a complete system (Alshinina Elleithy 2017). This technology is gaining a lot of recognition but still it has some shortcoming which make it unfit at some of applications. One of the key areas which SOA should not be implemented is on security matter. First, SOA involved coupling of different components in order to achieve the end result. Security need to be a standalone entity in order to ensure that the security details are not compromised (Cummins 2009). Availing the details with different components enhances the chances of compromising the details and therefore increasing the threats. The distribution of the components leads to different ownership issues on security components. Reduction of access on security components is able to lead to more secure systems. Therefore the SOA will not be perfect to be implemented on this sector since it involved multiple parties (Cummins 2009). The SOA usually increase the number of access points for an entity. This factor is able to increase the vulnerability of the security systems. The security sector therefore does not require much integration with other components. Another key sector which does not require much implementation of SOA is the management sector of healthcare. This sector requires real-time results which are on time (Karnouskos et al. 2009). One of the major challenge experienced when SOA is implemented is the increased overhead of machines. The interaction of the different components is able to increase the overheads on the host machine since every service must be validated. The overhead reduces the overall performance of the machine. On the healthcare management, the reduced performance of the machines will mean delays on the overall decision making when the expert as are waiting for the generation of the results. The issue of reduced performance is therefore able to affect the reliability of SOA on this sector. Healthcare management requires need a service which is reliable and able to generate the results when needed to and at a fast rate. The presence of the multiple points of failure reduces the reliability of SOA and therefor e should not yet be implemented in this sector (Alshinina Elleithy 2017). Another key area which reduces the reliability of the SOA in this sector is the software debugging. The debugging is likely to affect the client and server side. This means that unless the issues are well addressed, the SOA is unlikely to achieve the intended benefits in this sector. References Alshinina, R., Elleithy K. 2017, Performance and challenges of service-oriented architecture for wireless sensor networks. Sensors. 17:536 doi: 10.3390/s17030536. Cummins, F.A. 2009, Building the Agile Enterprise. Morgan Kaufmann; Burlington, MA, USA: 2009. SOA Security; pp. 155185. Chapter 6. Karnouskos, S., Guinard, D., Savio, D., Spiess, P., Baecker, O., Trifa, V., de Souza, L.M.S. June 2009, Towards the real-time enterprise: Service-based integration of heterogeneous soa-ready industrial devices with enterprise applications. Proceedings of the 13th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing (INCOM); Moscow, Russia. 35.

Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation

Question: Describe about the Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation. Answer: Introduction There are multiple forms of procurement methods in the construction industry. This report has focused on analyzing three different procurement methods. These are: traditional method, design and build method and management method. Traditional method separates the functions of the consultants/design team (architect, quantity surveyor, mechanical engineer and structural engineer) and the construction team (main contractor, subcontractors and suppliers). Design and build method is where a client appoints a contractor who takes the responsibility of design and construction works. The entire project is under a single entity, contract and work. Management procurement method is where the client appoints a management contractor, pays him a fee and assigns him total or partial responsibility for design and/or construction works. Therefore each procurement method is suitable for a different kind of project. This means that if a particular method suits one project, it will not necessarily suit t he next project. Traditional procurement method This procurement method has been used in the construction industry for many years. It is undoubtedly the oldest procurement method for construction projects. Its components are: designing, bidding and building (design-bid-build). The method separates design work from construction work (Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation, 2008). The design team is responsible for design work (designing the project/structure) while the construction team is responsible for executing the construction works. The design team, in conjunction with the client/developer, prepares a detailed plan of the project and gives it to the contractor before preparing the cost estimates. The contractor is responsible for dealing with all issues related to construction materials, workmanship, subcontractors and suppliers. There are 3 forms of contracts under traditional procurement method. These are: lump sum contracts, measurement contracts, and cost reimbursement. Lump sum contracts are where the total sum of the contract is determined and agreed between the client and contractor even before the start of any construction works. Measurement contracts are where the total sum of the contract is determined on completion of the project and after taking re-measurements of work done. The re-measurements are done jointly between the client and contractor. Cost reimbursement is where the total sum of the contract is determined based on actual costs of materials, plant, equipment and labor then an extra fee is added to cover profit and overheads. Under traditional procurement method, the client hires consultants and they work together to determine the design, quality and cost of the project. Tender documents are prepared first before inviting bidders. After awarding the tender, the contractor will depend on the instructions and information provided by the consultants. The consultants are also the ones who deal with all issues related to valuation of the project and payment. Advantages This method enhances accountability because the client selects the design team and construction team on a competitive basis. It gives all contractors a level ground to bid for the tenders. Thus contractors have a competitive equity The client and design team have a direct influence on the project and therefore they can determine and improve the overall quality of the design The total price of the contract is known at the time when the contract is being awarded. This price certainty makes it clear on what the client has to pay and what the contractor will get (guaranteed lump sum) on completion of the project. It clearly specifies what each party should do. This promotes responsibility among the parties involved because their works are clearly separated It is a very common procurement method that has been tried and tested hence many clients and contractors are familiar with it. The client carries almost all the design risk. In this method, the contractor does not take any design management risk Contract changes or variation can be easily arranged and managed as the project continues Disadvantages It takes a lot of time before producing complete tender documents. Clients have to spend significant resources, including time, to prepare complete designs and tender documents so as to reduce or avoid disputes The method usually increases the overall duration of the project. One of the reasons for this is because construction works cannot commence until all required design documents have been produced. Therefore it is not suitable for fast track construction projects The contractor does not contribute to the design and cost estimation of the project and therefore risks are allocated in his absence. In most cases, the contractor is appointed after the design and planning stages of the project. This exclusion is likely to cause disputes, especially those related to the design When to use traditional procurement method This method of procurement is recommended to be used when: There is adequate time to execute the project. This allows sufficient time to prepare the design and contract documents and also follow all other procedures related to bidding and awarding the tender The design of the consultant is warranted. This reduces design risk The client wants to select consultants and contractors individually Price certainty of the project is needed before the construction starts The quality of the final product or work is of great importance There is need to distribute risks between the client and contractor. Under this method, the client and consultant are responsible for design risks while the contractor is responsible for construction risks The value of the construction project is small Design and Build procurement method This is a procurement method where the client appoints a contractor to take responsibility of design and construction works. Here, the roles of design team and construction team are integrated (Design-Build Institute of America, 2016). This means that design and construction services of the project are under a single entity, single contract, and single work. The client only manages one contract. If the client has no expertise on the project, he may appoint consultants who will advise him on issues related to his design needs and cost. The contractor, who takes partial or total responsibility of the design, may also appoint consultants to help him design and execute the work. There are two ways in which a client may appoint a contractor under design and build procurement method. These are: competitive tender and negotiated agreement (Sarah, Stanley and Hugh, 2009). Competitive tender is where the client, with the help of his consultants, prepares his design specifications or documents then invites contractors to bid. The contractor is selected based on a competitive basis. In negotiated agreement, the client only involves one contractor to discuss the project This method can be more effective if there is straightforward and timely communication between the client and contractor. The two teams have to work as partners with a common goal (The Chartered Institute of Building, 2010). Advantages The client only deals with a single firm thus reducing the amount of time and other resources that could have been used to look for contractors and designers separately Post certainty is higher and is usually determined before start of construction because the client states his requirements first and changes can only be done with his approval The contractor can save time and cost by using his own strategies considering that he knows the guaranteed maximum price even before starting the project. This allows the contractor to complete the project early and move to the next The contractor is involved in the design process and therefore he has the advantage of innovating ways of improving construction methods It enhances faster project delivery There are less disputes and conflicts between the client and contractor The client only requires a few technical staff because it is not his responsibility to examine the completeness and accuracy of the design teams work (Legislative Analysts Office, 2005). Disadvantages It may be quite challenging for the client to prepare a comprehensive project brief that adequate information and/or his requirements It can be quite expensive for the client if he introduces changes to the project scope It is challenging for the client to compare bids since each contractor submits a different design, project plan and schedule, and prices It locks out small contractors since most clients using this method always look for contractors that are well established, qualified, experienced and with a proven track record It limits guarantee of quality control. This is because the client does not provide the final design of what he wants at the time of awarding the contract hence he has limited control regarding the quality of the work (Simon Millman, 2013) The contract is awarded subjectively, which sometimes ignores some crucial issues such as unique needs or complexity of the project When to use design and build procurement method This procurement method is suitable under the following circumstances: If scope design provided in the brief can be changed If the project is simple (not complex) If the structure being constructed is more functional (not prestigious) If it is possible to overlap activities in the project plan If only one firm is needed to take risk and responsibility of design and construction works If the project value is of medium size Management procurement method This method focus on who will be responsible for the overall management of the construction project. There are three kinds of management procurement method: management contracting, design and manage, and construction management (Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation, 2008). Management contracting is where the client appoints a management contractor and a separate professional team. The contractor takes responsibility of all construction works and has direct contractual dealings with all other contractors involved in the work. Construction management is where the client appoints a management contractor, pays him a management fee for him to prepare the project plan, facilitate design and construction works, enhance collaboration among all stakeholders and manage the project professionally. The management contractor organizes and manages works contracts but these work contracts are directly between the works contractor and the client. Here, the management contractor only acts as an agent. Design and manage is where the client appoints a contractor, pays him a few and gives him the responsibility to oversee both the design team and works contractors. Advantages The client only deals with a single firm so the method promotes collaboration and coordination between design and construction teams It allows time saving as the works can be started earlier and the design and construction works can also overlap It is possible to get competitive prices for works packages Since the contractor is involved in the design stage, constructability is improved There are clear roles, responsibilities and risks for all parties involved The client can make changes to the design as construction progresses Disadvantages Price certainty cannot be attained until after letting the final works package The client must be proactive and well informed about the project to get better results Price certainty is usually very low It requires close information and time control for the project to be completed successfully The project can only be completed if the client provides all the necessary resources The client may not control the design quality directly since it is influenced by the contractor The client incurs high administrative costs It may be difficult to allocate a single point of accountability regarding the quality of work or time of completion When to use management procurement method If the project has to be completed fast and early If the project is large and complex If there is trust and confidence among all parties involved If design and construction works can overlap If the management contractor is ready to put his interest in the project If the client understands the project comprehensively and can make informed decisions about it Conclusion Each construction project has its own uniqueness. This is because each client, design requirements, contractor and construction site is different. Therefore there is no single procurement method that can suit the needs of all construction projects. Each procurement method in the construction industry has its strengths and weaknesses. It is therefore important for stakeholders involved in a construction project to evaluate each method, including their associated risks and effect on the client, design team and construction team, before selecting the one that suits them best. References: Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation, 2008, Building Procurement Methods, CRC Construction Innovation, Brisbane. Design-Build Institute of America, 2016, What is Design-Build? Viewed September 7, 2016, https://www.dbia.org/ABOUT/Pages/What-is-Design-Build.aspx Legislative Analysts Office, February 3, 2005, Design-Build: An Alternative Construction System, LAO, California. Sarah Lupton, Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2007, Which Contract? RIBA Publishing Simon Millman, August 19, 2013, Design and Build Procurement: Cutting through the Misconception, viewed September 7, 2016, https://www.fgould.com/middle-east/articles/design-and-build-procurement/ The Chartered Institute of Building, 2010, Procurement in the Construction Industry, CIOB, UK.