Cranach the Eders Alter Piece at Wellenburg Essay

Cranach the Eders Alter Piece at Wellenburg - Essay Example There was a solid conviction at the time that man was associated with God from various perspectives. Catholics accepted that Godliness was discrete and their artworks and workmanship obviously indicated that. The Protestants had a little unique method of seeing that issue however and Crach the Eder's Alter piece at Wellenburg shows that. The primary piece of the development is demonstrated well here, as the Protestants needed to show that the admirers were well regarding the Devine. What better approach to do that at that point to put those that were planning and pushing the Reformation ahead at the table of the Last Supper. In this image, the individuals sitting all around the table are the Reformers. They plainly don't look like Godly animals or if nothing else not as in we regularly consider them. Rather they resemble the normal individual of the day. The Protestant gathering's imaginative bowed was toward indicating average citizens as a major aspect of the perfect as they played out their regular exercises. (Fiero, 2006). All things considered, God made man in his own picture so man was great. Right (Fiero, 2006). Along these lines, why not show man as a feature of Gods world. That is the thing that their specialty did. Devine beauty was what they wanted to depict, here and there they demonstrated miscreants that were acknowledged by Christ. This should delineate that lone the beauty of God could give anybody Salvation. Indeed, even today, there is a lot of difference about these things among Catholics and Protestants.

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Generally, low-salary understudies have been prohibited from advanced education, or they have confronted snags that make moving on from school very troublesome. Projects like the Educational Opportunity Program are intended to give the fundamental help to distraught understudies to empower their achievement in school and past. In this article, I’ll portray EOP, detail the upsides of taking an interest in an Educational Opportunity Program, and let you realize how to select. What Is EOP? The Educational Opportunity Program, or EOP, is a guiding and scholastic help program intended to helplow-salary and original understudies prevail in school. An understudy is original if neither one of the parents headed off to college. EOPs are state projects, and they're normally just for in-state occupants of open schools. The reason for these programsis to help understudies who face extra deterrents in advanced education succeed scholastically and graduate.There are EOPs in various states, however it's not accessible in each state or at each college.Look at a school’s site or contact its affirmations office to check whether it has an EOP. EOP is accessible at California State University and University of California campuses.While each CSU grounds has an EOP, the main UC schools that have an EOP are UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Santa Cruz. Be that as it may, there are practically identical projects at the other UC schools. Also, there are EOPs in New York at State University of New York (SUNY) schools and in New Jersey at schools like New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rider University, and Seton Hall University. There are comparative projects at state schools in New Jersey through the Educational Opportunity Fund (EOF). I additionally discovered EOPs at Oregon State and University of Washington. Most grounds that offer EOP give a late spring system to EOP understudies to assist them with progressing to school and get ready for school life. Thestudents get the opportunity to live nearby and reinforce their scholastic aptitudes before school begins. During the scholastic year, EOP offers guiding, mentorship, and scholarly encouraging for enrolledstudents to assist them with succeeding scholastically. Moreover, EOP offers understudies profession counsel and groundwork for graduate studies.Also, a few projects give money related help, including offering awards and forgoing or conceding certain charges. Steven Depolo/Flickr How Is EOP Eligibility Determined? Qualification fluctuates by grounds, butit's typicallybased on salary necessities, implying that yourfamily's pay must be underneath a specific sum for you to fit the bill for the program. Each state's pay limit is somewhat unique. For instance, at CSUs, the most extreme pay for a group of four is $46,400. At CSUs, you should meet EOP salary models to be qualified for EOP.If your family pay surpasses the rules, you may at present be considered for EOP if your showed Expected Family Contribution is under $1,500. Check this page for the pay necessities for SUNY schools.At SUNY schools, EOP is likewise intended for understudies who don’t meet the typical confirmation prerequisites yet show scholastic guarantee. Here are the salary necessities in New Jersey. For most EOPs, just in-state inhabitants and US residents or perpetual occupants are qualified for EOP. In California, undocumented foreigners who meet all requirements for in-state educational cost through AB540 are additionally qualified for all California EOPs. By and large, EOP qualification rules are less severe at UC campuses.At UC Berkeley, any low-income,first age, or generally underrepresented understudies (African-American, Chicano/Latino, and Native-American) are qualified for EOP.At UCSB, EOP benefits all understudies however centers around low-salary and original students. For what reason Should You Join EOP? On the off chance that you apply to a school that has an EOP and you’re qualified, I enthusiastically prescribe attempting to join the program.Not just would you be able to get monetary advantages yet in addition the transitional summer program and exhorting can assist you with being fruitful in school and past. Numerous EOP understudies originate from under-resourced schools and don’t enter school as readied as their increasingly princely peers.Furthermore, in light of the fact that thesestudents might not have guardians or relatives who are learned about school, they’re not ready to get a similar direction as different understudies, except if they take an interest in programs like EOP. Additionally, low-pay, original understudies can feel segregated on school grounds and make some hard memories identifying with their kindred understudies who originate from increasingly special backgrounds.EOP can assist you with finding a network of understudies with foundations like yours, and you can get directing and mentorship to assist you with managing the battles that originate from being a low-pay, original undergrad. A significant number of the understudies I worked with joined EOP. By and large, they were appreciative for the program, and I accept the entirety of the understudies I realize who were in EOP wound up moving on from school. Ralph Daily/Flickr How Do You Enroll in EOP? Ordinarily, there is an application procedure to turn out to be a piece of EOP.Your money related data might be confirmed from your/your parents’ assessment forms or the data you give on your FAFSA.Check a school’s site or contact the EOP office in the event that you have any inquiries. For CSUs, in the event that you are keen on trying out EOP, you should finish asupplemental application,which is more requesting than most schools'.In expansion to giving essential data, you need to give suggestions and answer short answer questions. In addition to the fact that you have to meet the fundamental necessities you should be a spurred understudy who might seem to profit by EOP. For UCs, you simply need to enter extra data on your UC application if you’re intrigued by EOP.Also, you ought to show your enthusiasm for your UC individual explanation. For SUNY schools, present the normal application and demonstrate your enthusiasm for EOP. You might be approached to round out extra structures and give documentation. Imagine a scenario in which a School Doesn’t Have EOP or You’re Not Eligible. In the event that you’re keen on taking an interest in EOP however the schools you need to apply to don’t have an EOP or you’re not qualified, you may in any case have the option to exploit bolster administrations to assist you with prevailing in college.Look on the school’s site for help administrations. In the event that you’re a low-salary or original understudy, you can contact the confirmations office to approach about explicit help programs for low-pay or original understudies. On Big Future, you can scan for schools with help administrations for low-pay or minority understudies. Moreover, on each school’s profile, you can see the sorts of help benefits that are accessible. Paul Townsend/Flickr What's Next? In case you're focusing on the expense of school, read this article to figure out how to get a full ride grant. Possibly you're pondering whether school is directly for you. Settle on an educated choice and choose for yourself on the off chance that you ought to head off to college. At last, ensure you realize how to explore and pick a school. Need to improve your SAT score by 160 or your ACT score by 4 points?We've composed a guide for each test about the main 5 procedures you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Stippling - Art Definition

Texturing - Art Definition As a transitive verb,â the demonstration of texturing includes covering a region with spots. What comes option to mind is an uncontrollably tedious strategy, finished with a specialized pen and ink (typically dark), in which a picture is drawn spot by dab by dab. (One may likewise texture glass, an etching plate, a blanket, or even an inside divider.) The subsequent picture contains no lines. It is an assortment of dabs, deliberately positioned to propose structures, shapes, differentiation, and profundity. It is left to the watchers eye to finish the image a recommendation which only from time to time comes up short. Texturing is additionally the manual herald of Benday spots and halftones. (For you younguns out there, these were realistic picture instruments utilized before the coming of the PC pixel.) Comparable Technique Pointillism is a nearby relative of texturing, in which the craftsman, utilizing brushes and various shades of paints, makes a whole structure out of dabs. As a thing in this example, texturing is the thing that one sees, and is the final product of somebody utilizing texturing as an action word.

East Bengal War 1971 and Famine Abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

East Bengal War 1971 and Famine Abroad - Essay Example This gathering named Amawi League won in the East Pakistan national political race in 1970. The Western head General Yahya Khan, in association of the triumph of Amawi League, requested and said â€Å"Kill 3,000,000 of them [East Pakistanis] and the rest will eat out of our hands,† as cited by Ariana (2011) from Asia Times. West Pakistan requested a decimation battle on March 25, 1971 which included enormous executing of East Bengal opposition bunch individuals and assaulting of Bengali ladies. Amawi League pioneer Sheik Mujibur Rahman was additionally killed during the war. In was on December 16, 1971 when East Pakistan won the war and proclaimed autonomy from West Pakistan. East Bengal earned another name, â€Å"Bangladesh† meaning â€Å"Country of Bengal†, and its own national language â€Å"Bengali† (Ariana, 2011). Under the British settlement in Bengal, the land had 30 to 40 starvations and the remainder of the large starvation occurred somewhere in the range of 1942 and 1945. In a range of three years, right around 4,000,000 had passed on because of starvation in Bengal. Bengal was at one time the most prolific land in Ganges delta and was the storehouse of India before Great Britain involved the land. The British was arraigned for the composed and purposeful massacre (Chawla, 2005). As indicated by Anil Chawla (2005), â€Å"The horrendous massacre, which utilized craving and starvation as devices, went on for around eighteen decades and was completed in Bengal, India (at present Bengal is halfway in India and incompletely in Bangladesh) by the British provincial bosses guaranteeing around thirty million victims.† Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate, asserted that starvation demise of the individuals in Bengal was not brought about by extraordinary fall of food creation but since of the Brit ish strategies (Chawla, 2005). In view of the dry season that hit Somalia, a huge number of individuals are in danger of passing on in light of craving. The dry season struck in the mid year of year 2011 causing a huge number of Somalis dead as a result of ailing health. The United Nations announced a starvation and required the worldwide

Essay examples --

War. One of the most Terrifying things a Country needs to experience. In spite of the fact that the facts demonstrate that it can here and there bring opportunity most officers who endure stay away forever home equivalent to when they had left. Huge numbers of the Soldiers who faced at the conflict of Iwo Jima lost their lives on the island. Truth be told, one fighter said that out of the Seven of the Easy Company officers that went in just he, Captain Dave Severance, made it out alive. What was the reason for this fight? The clash of Iwo Jima was battled between the United States and the Empire of Japan. The intrusion of the U.S, also called Activity Detachment, happened in view of the U.S. needing to assume control over the runway in Iwo Jima. With this runway the Japanese gave a base to accompany planes on their strikes with the B29s. Iwo Jima's area was urgent to the United States since it was among Tokyo and the American aircraft bases in the Marianas. This was one more motivation behind why they started the skirmish of Iwo Jima. The Commander of Iwo Jima was General Kuribayashi. He was referred to all through Japan as a virtuoso. His technique was one of a kind in light of the fact that the Japanese faced the whole conflict from underneath the ground. They burrowed 1,500 rooms through stone which were associated through 16 miles of passages. The Japanese additionally didn't anticipate enduring. Truth be told, they found that on the off chance that they passed on during fight, it was a respect towards Japan. Prepared in the incredibly requesting samurai convention, the Japanese were relied upon to battle including every man. What's more, their officer was relied upon to slaughter himself, instead of be caught. Kuribayashi had told his soldiers that each man needed to murder in any event ten Americans before he went down himself. What's more, toward the start of the fight, his men were really killin... ...e island of Iwo Jima. Around 6800 U. S. faculty lost their lives in holding onto the island from the Japanese; Japanese misfortunes were evaluated at more than 21,000. The catch of the island furnished American air units with the a respectable starting point inside the Japanese internal safeguard framework from which to assault the heart if mechanical Japan with medium planes accompanied by warriors. Prior to the genuine attack on February 19, the island was exposed to air and ocean shelling for a quarter of a year. Notwithstanding the pre-intrusion assault, some Japanese were still solidly settled in underground strongholds in delicate volcanic soil. The Marines made sure about the island following a month of the most serious battling in their history. Mount Suribachi, the most noteworthy point on the island and a significant protection position, was caught on February 23, 1945. The battle was authoritatively proclaimed finished on March sixteenth.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Treatment Print Why CBT Is Usually Suggested for Eating Disorders By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 16, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 02, 2019 GARO/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Effectiveness Cognitive Model Components Good Candidates Response to Treatment When CBT Doesn't Work View All Back To Top Cognitive behavioral therapy  (CBT) is the leading evidence-based treatment for eating disorders.?? CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach that involves a variety of techniques. These approaches help an individual to understand the interaction between his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and develop strategies to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors in order to improve mood and functioning. CBT itself is not a single distinct therapeutic technique and there are many different forms of CBT that share a common theory about the factors maintaining psychological distress. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) are examples of specific types of CBT treatments.?? CBT is typically time-limited and goal-oriented and involves homework outside of sessions. CBT emphasizes collaboration between therapist and client and active participation by the client. CBT is very effective for a number of psychiatric problems including depression, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, and OCD. History CBT was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by psychiatrist Aaron Beck and psychologist Albert Ellis, who emphasized the role of thoughts in influencing feelings and behaviors. CBT for eating disorders was developed in the late 1970s by G. Terence Wilson, Christopher Fairburn, and Stuart Agras. These researchers identified dietary restriction and shape and weight concerns as central to the maintenance of bulimia nervosa, developed a 20-session treatment protocol and began conducting clinical trials. In the 1990s, CBT was applied to binge eating disorder as well.?? In 2008, Fairburn published an updated treatment manual for Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E) designed to treat all eating disorders. CBT-E comprises two formats: a focused treatment similar to the original manual, and a broad treatment which contains extra modules to address mood intolerance, perfectionism, low self-esteem, and interpersonal difficulties that contribute to the maintenance of eating disorders. CBT has been successfully applied in self-help and guided self-help formats for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. It can also be provided in group formats and higher levels of care, such as residential or inpatient settings.?? More recent adaptations include the use of technology to widen the range of people who have access to effective treatments such as CBT. Research has begun on the delivery of CBT treatment by different technologies, including email, chat, mobile app, and internet-based self-help. There is also recent support for a 10-session CBT for non-underweight eating disorder patients.   Effectiveness CBT is widely considered to be the most effective therapy for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and should, therefore, usually be the initial treatment offered at the outpatient level.?? The UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend CBT as the first-line treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder and one of three potential treatments to consider for adults with anorexia nervosa. One study compared five months of CBT (20 sessions) for women with bulimia nervosa with two years of weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapy.?? Seventy patients were randomly assigned to one of these two groups. After five months of therapy (the end of the CBT treatment), 42 percent of patients in the CBT group and 6 percent of the patients in the psychoanalytic therapy group had stopped binge-eating and purging. At the end of two years (completion of the psychoanalytic therapy), 44 percent of the CBT group and 15 percent of the psychoanalytic group were symptom-free.?? Another study compared CBT-E with interpersonal therapy (IPT), an alternative leading treatment for adults with an eating disorder. In the study, 130 adult patients with an eating disorder were randomly assigned to receive either CBT-E or IPT.?? Both treatments involved 20 sessions over 20 weeks, followed by a 60-week follow-up period. At post-treatment, 66 percent of the CBT-E participants met criteria for remission, compared with only 33 percent of the IPT participants. Over the follow-up period, the CBT-E remission rate remained higher (69 percent versus 49 percent). A 2018 systematic review concluded that CBT-E was an effective treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa, BED, and OSFED. It also noted that CBT-E for bulimia nervosa is highly cost-effective compared with psychoanalytic psychotherapy.?? Cognitive Model of Eating Disorders The cognitive model of eating disorders posits that the core maintaining problem in all eating disorders is overconcern with shape and weight. The specific way this overconcern manifests can vary. It can drive any of the following:?? Strict dietingLow weightBinge eatingCompensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise Further, these components can interact to create the symptoms of an eating disorder. Strict dietingâ€"including skipping meals, eating small amounts of food, and avoiding forbidden foodsâ€"can lead to low weight and/or binge eating. Low weight can lead to malnutrition and also can lead to binge eating. Bingeing can lead to intense guilt and shame and a renewed attempt to diet. It can also lead to efforts to undo the purging through compensatory behaviors. Patients typically get caught in a cycle. Components CBT is a structured treatment. In its most common form, it consists of 20 sessions. Goals are set. Sessions are spent weighing the patient, reviewing homework, reviewing the case formulation, teaching skills, and problem-solving. CBT typically includes the following components:?? Psychoeducation to understand what maintains the eating disorder and the psychological and medical consequences.Replacement of dieting with normal eatingâ€"typically three meals plus two to three snacks per day. The patient can decide what to eat as long as it resembles a meal or snack.Meal planning. The patient should plan meals ahead of time and always know “what and when” his or her next meal will be.Completion of food records immediately after eating and noting thoughts and feelings as well as behaviors.Regular weighing (usually once per week) in order to track progress and run experiments.Development of strategies to prevent binges and compensatory behaviors, such as the use of delays and alternatives and problem-solving strategies.Challenge of dietary rules. This involves identifying rules and challenging them behaviorally (such as eating after 8 p.m. or eating a sandwich for lunch).Development of continuum thinking to replace all-or-nothing thinking.The use of behavioral e xperiments. For example, if a client believes that eating a cupcake will cause a five-pound weight gain, he or she would be encouraged to consume a cupcake and see if it does. These behavioral experiments are generally much more effective than cognitive restructuring alone.Exposure to fear foods. After regular eating is well-established and compensatory behaviors are under control, patients gradually reintroduce the foods they fear.Relapse prevention to identify both strategies that have been helpful and how to deal with potential future stumbling blocks. Because the treatment is time-limited, the goal is for the patient to become his or her own therapist. Other components commonly included:?? Cessation of body checkingReduction of body avoidanceDevelopment of new sources of self-esteemChallenge of the eating disorder mindsetEnhancement of interpersonal skills Good Candidates for CBT Adults with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified eating disorder (OSFED) are potentially good candidates for CBT. Older adolescents with bulimia and binge eating disorder may also benefit from CBT.?? Response to Treatment Therapists conducting CBT aim to introduce behavioral change as early as possible. Research has shown that patients who are able to make early behavioral changes such as establishing more regular eating and reducing the frequency of purging behavior are more likely to be successfully treated at the end of treatment.?? When CBT Doesnt Work CBT is often recommended as a first-line treatment. If a trial of CBT is not successful, individuals can be referred for DBT (a specific type of CBT with greater intensity) or to a higher level of care such as partial hospitalization or residential treatment program.

The Business Environment - Free Essay Example

Executive Summary The main purpose of this study is to know the business environment and which factors are affect and how to affect the company or business organization and its important for management student for future business perspective. To satisfy the study ,to take the business organization TATA Motors and how to affect various PESTEL factors and what challenges and change to made to achieve the dream project of NANO car the world cheapest car by the TATA Motors. Introduction Business environment refers to a set of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal (PESTEL) forces that are largely outside the control and influence of a business and that can potentially have both a positive and negative impact on the business (Varian,2003,p 4). Todays world is a rapidly changing place. Developments across a series of factors will have an impact on a business or industry. The standard PEST structure (political, economic, social, and technological) identifies four key categories of external factors that involve the capability of an organization to stay alive and show a profit. The reason for this framework is that business does not function in a vacuum. It has to act and react to what happens outside the factory and office walls. These factors that happen outside the business are known as external factors or influences and also known as the Macroenvironment. These will affect the main internal factors like Customers, Competitors, Suppli ers and Share holders identified as a Microenvironment of the business and possibly the objectives of the business and its strategies. These will leads to a SWOT analysis and it is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths and Weaknesses internally to the organization and the Opportunities and Threats presented by the external environment to the organization. It involves specifying the objective the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. To study the Business Environment and its all factor is satisfied by the example of the multinational company TATA Motors. The main purpose of select this company is to understand all significant factor like political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal of the business environment and facing a lots of challenges in the last 5 years to develop a TATA NANO the world cheapest car by the TATA Motors Indias larg est automobile company. Organization Description and Background Tata Motors Limited is Indias largest automobile company, with consolidated revenues of Rs. 92,519 crores (USD 20 billion) in 2009-10. It is the leader in commercial vehicles in each segment, and among the top three in passenger vehicles with winning products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, and the worlds second largest bus manufacturer. The companys 24000 employees are guided by the vision be Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver, and best in our value system and ethics. Established in 1945 by J.R.D.TATA the chairman of the TATA Groups. Tata Motors presence indeed cuts across the length and breadth of India. Over 4 million Tata vehicles ply on Indian roads, since the first rolled out in 1954.Tata Motors, the first company from Indias engineering sector to be listed in the New York Stock Exchange (September 2004), has also emerged as an international autom obile company. Through subsidiaries and associate companies, Tata Motors has operations in the UK, South Korea, Thailand, Spain, Brazil, Kenya, South Africa . Among them is Jaguar Land Rover, a business comprising the two iconic British brands that was acquired in 2008. In January 2008, Tata Motors unveiled its Peoples Car, the Tata Nano, which India and the world have been looking forward to. The Tata Nano has been subsequently launched, as planned, in India in March 2009. A development, which signifies a first for the global automobile industry, the Nano brings the comfort and safety of a car within the reach of thousands of families. The standard version has been priced at Rs.100,000 ($2,500) (excluding VAT and transportation cost). TATA Motors Business Environment TATA Motors has been faced a many challenges to developed a world cheapest car NANO from established a manufacturing plant to launch a car in market. Also it has been uncovered to PESTEL forces that are most important on the companys performance, strategies, decision and achievement of the goal to develop a world cheapest car NANO. So, the main and significant factors described below. 1 . Political Factor Political factors are how and to what degree a government intervenes in the business. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, political stability, legal framework for contract enforcement, trade regulation and tariffs, industrial safety regulation etc. Its also included goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government does not ant to be provided. TATA Motors faced a political issued between local state government and local farmers. The main scenario was the West Bangal state government (India) had allocated to 997 acres of fertile land to TATA Motors for establishing a manufacturing pant of TATA NANO car. But the main problem was faced after the starting of the construction of the manufacturing plant of NANO car and that time the local farmers and the local political leaders were demanded to return their land. Also the local public were tried to stop to construction of manufacturing pant of NANO car f or the direction of the local political leaders. Finally, September 2, 2008 -Mr. Ratan Tata the chairman of the TATA Motors was take a decision to stopped the construction of manufacturing plant of NANO car at Singur, West Bangal (India) and announced that to shifted a new placed . At that time the state governmement of Gujarat (India) to spread a carpet for established a manufacturing plant for manufactured NANO Car. Also provides a cheap land, all fundamental facility and safety for establishment of plant. Finally, October 7,2008 TATA Motors starts a construction of manufacturing plant for the world cheapest car TATA NANO at Singur, Gujarat (India). 2. Economic Factor Economic factors refer to the character and direction of the economic system within which the firm operates. Economic factors depend on an economic growth, interest and exchange rate, inflation rate, the state of the business cycle, the distribution of income within the population, and governmental monetary and fiscal policies. The impact of economic factors may also differ between industries. For example, Purchases of many durable goods (appliances, furniture, and automobiles) can be postponed during periods of recession and depression, as can purchases of new equipment and plant expansions. TATA Motors has been seen a two main factors to impacted companys economical environment. The first challenge was continuously fall down the stock prise during the political issue of established a NANO manufacturing plant as mentioned above in political factor. During this period, the issue between the company and government has been affected directly on companys stock prise and it was drop ped by more than 50 percentages as shown in graph. Source: https://www.tatamotors.com/investor Global recession has shocked the global auto industry with pinching effects on the Indian auto industry. India is a strong and growing economy but the hit of recession has put red marks on the entire balance sheet of the Indian economy. So, the second challenge was the world has been facing a recession that started in 2008-09 when the TATA Motors has been started to develop a TATA NANO the dream project of the RatanTata to make a world cheapest car. The effect of the recession was directly affected the future of the project and how to deal the cost of nano to decreased at Rs.100,000 ($25000). Tata Motors functions with a global economic perspective while focusing on each individual market. Because Tata is in a rapid growth period, expanding or forming a joint venture in over five continents world-wide since 19994, a global approach enables Tata Motors to adapt and learn from the m any different regions within the whole automotive industry. For example, if the price of aluminum required to make an engine blocks goes up in Kenya, Tata has the option to get the aluminum from other suppliers in Europe or Asia who they would normally get from for production in Ukraine or Russia. 3. Social Factor The social dimensions of the environment consist of customs, lifestyles, and values that characterize the society in which the firm operates and its influences the buying behavior of consumers are inclusive of culture, social class, reference group, family, education, demographics and geography. Social factors include anything within the context of society that has the potential to affect an organization. Population demographics, rising educational levels, norms and values, and attitudes toward social responsibility are examples of social variables. Undoubtedly, the beliefs, opinions, and general attitude of all the stakeholders in a company will affect how well a company performs. This includes every stakeholder from the CEO and President, down to the line workers who screw the door panel into place, from the investor to the customer, the culture and attitude of all these people will ultimately determine the future of a company and whether they will be profitable or not. For th is reason, Tata Motors tends to use an integration and rarely separation technique with foreign companies they acquire. On the other hand, some social issues that Tata Motors faced must also be looked at from a more localized perspective. For instance, the market in India for cars is much different than the market for cars in Italy. For one, India has over one billion more people than Italy does,thus the market is much larger or not as limited. Second, you must also take into affect the demographics and the average income of each market. Italians have a higher average income per capita than Indians and Italian citizens tend to drive larger and fancier cars. For this reason, the Tata Nano might not do so well in the Italian market. According to the founder of the TATA Motors J.R.D TATA says In a free enterprise the community or society is not just another stakeholders in business but the purpose of its very existence. Therefore, TATA Groups established a TATA charity trust i n 1972 for fulfilled Corporate Social responsibility that works in health, education, employment, rural development and many social and community activity. In November-2008 itself, simultaneously with the construction of the NANO car plant, TATA Motors also began its community development activities in this area. These initiatives, encompassing 20 villages in a 20-mile radius, are on health, education, employability and environment enhancement for its social responsibility. 3. Technological Factor Technology factors are the scientific advances, which influence the competitive position of the enterprise. Maintaining awareness of new technologies decreases the probability of becoming obsolete and promotes innovation. Advancements in technology can impact the transformation plan in many ways. New technology as cited in Develop Vision and Strategy can change the demand for a product, render current manufacturing processes obsolete, reduce costs to undercut competitors, produce new products and a host of other possibilities (Worthington, 2001,p 437). According to the Pune (India) based R D team of NANO says Drawing entirely upon indigenous talent and skills, the Nano was no small challenge to conceive, design and build, its the journey of turning the Rs 100,000 ($2500) dream car into a reality without compromising on aesthetics, value to the customer, or safty and environments laws. The target price itself became the source of innovation in technology because at that time NANO has been talk of the town around the globe and also the big names in the automobile industry commented that it was a just rubbished and fake claims and it was impossible to make a car at that price. However, this was made possible through series of innovative ideas and developed technologies which led to achievement of 37 patents by Tata Motors. In terms of NANO is define that NANO small size NANO small price NANO small income The Key features to developed the series of innovation in technologies to developed a world cheapest car are Engine was packaged on the rear side. 2 cylinder engine (conventionally there are 3-4 cylinder engines). Identical handles and mechanisms for left and right side doors. Instruments cluster in the middle of the dashboard. Interior space was maximized by pushing wheels to the corners and power train below the rear seat. High fuel efficient. Exceeds the current safety requirements and current emission requiremen ts. To talk about the Research Development, the TATA Motors has a team of1400 Scientist, Design Engineers and Development officers those are a high emphasis on thorough research that provides the much-needed inspiration for the birth of new ideas, which in turn breathes new life into products. Tata Motors has several research and development centers in India. The Research Center at Jamshedpur (India) and the Engineering Research Center in Pune (India) are among the finest in the country . They possess forums to develop and test durability, engine performance, emission, safety, design and style, noise, hydraulics, tracks, and instrumentation. Also the TATA Motors has a R D centre in Spain to satisfied the European car manufacturing, safety and environmental law for international market. Environmental factor Nowadays, Environment is one of the plays an important role in the management strategy, most generally understood to be referring to something outside. But common usage today often interprets the Environment as referring to the planetary ecosystem. On that basis the Environment factors such as global warming, climate change, the state of the ozone layer, deforestation and the means of energy generation. Company or firms need to coexist with their environment, responding to that which they experience from it and being responsible for that which they export into it. This unit will focus upon the interactions between the commercial environment and the green environment. The Issue of the environment is having an impact on many industries such as the travel and transportation industries (for example, more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars) and the general move towards more environmentally friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns and c reating business opportunities. As a result, TATA Motors declared in its annual reports-2008, the motto of Restoring, Ecological and Balance Environment, its spend a 20% of its profit for RD of the developing a eco-friendly product and Hybrid Car. TATA Motors has set up effluent treatment facilities in its plants, to avoid release of polluted water into the ecosystem. In Pune (India) based plant, the treated water is conserved in lakes attracting various species of birds from around the world thus turning the space into a green belt. Also, TATA Motors has worked on new Hybrid Car called as OneCAT and its made by fiberglass and virtually powered by air and is emission free. This car an run between 200 to 300 Km on one euro of compressed air. According to the chef Technical officer of TATA Motors says The engine is efficient, cost-effective, scalable, and capable of satisfying to the concept of Hybrid car. This car is truly a representation of the next step in green automobiles. (Aotopartswwwarehouse.blog.com) Conclusion After the demonstration of the case study of TATA Motors through the using of the various Business Environment factors, The TATA Motors has faced a many challenges to developed the TATA NANO the world cheapest car and the challenges are: Firstly, The challenged was during the establishment of manufacturing plant of NANO to generated a political situation regards to the local farmers agriculture land was allocated by government to TATA Motors. In that issue to stop the construction of plant and in that critical condition, TATA Motors to take the decision to pulled out or shifted the plant on another place and reestablished the plant of NANO. Secondly, The TATA Motors was started to worked on its dream project and that time the economic crises or recession was came and that situation companys stock prices was fall down more than 50 %.But the companies strong fundamental power and experience to deal the various economic problem, TATA Motors was passed to the recession. Also, Its m ade a new marketing strategy to take the advantage of the NANO of the of the prices of Rs. 100,000 ($2500) and to provide a world cheapest car to customer in recession period. Thirdly, How to reduce the cost of NANO at $2500? This was the big challenged for company to make the world cheapest car. And the TATA Motors has developed or changed through the series of innovation in Technology and to reduce the cost in all area without the compromised to the customer satisfaction, safety, and environment law. Recommendation Nowadays, In Globalization Business Environment, any business or organization has become a fundamental strong in its managements and its planning, strategies, scope and objectives and also the awareness of the future challenges and how to faced them to achieving a goals of the organization. Also, To change or innovate in companies policies in terms of the customer, product, competitor, stake holders regards to the surrounding business environment . The organization has to reach its goals and to establishing a brand name or expand a business, It must to innovate a technologies, to identify customer needs, to develop a standard product and quality life and knowledge of the business environments s to take a advantages of a future opportunities. For the manager role is to identify the various business environmental factors are affecting the organization and how to deal them for success or achieve the goal of business.